概述

本文档主要描述python平台，使用opencv-python深度神经网络模块dnn,推理YOLOv5模型的方法。

文档主要包含以下内容：

• opencv-python模块的安装
• YOLOv5模型格式的说明
• ONNX格式模型的加载
• 图片数据的预处理
• 模型推理
• 推理结果后处理，包括NMS,cxcywh坐标转换为xyxy坐标等
• 关键方法的调用与参数说明
• 完整的示例代码

1. 环境部署

YOLOv5算法ONNX模型获取

可通过官方链接下载YOLOv5的官方预训练模型，模型格式为pt.下载链接
YOLOv5官方项目提供了pt格式模型转换为ONNX格式模型的脚本，项目链接

模型导出指令：

python export --weights yolov5s.pt --include onnx

注：导出文件执行指令所需环境安装配置参考官方项目README文档即可，不在赘述。

opencv-python模块安装

1. 创建虚拟环境并激活

   conda create -n opencv python=3.8 -y
   conda activate opencv
   

2. pip安装opencv-python模块

   pip install opencv-python
   

   注: 通过pip安装opencv-python模块时，默认安装仅支持CPU推理，如需支持GPU推理，需从源码编译安装，具体安装方法较复杂，这里不在赘述。

2.关键代码

2.1 模型加载

opencv-python模块提供了readNetFromONNX方法，用于加载ONNX格式模型。

import cv2
cv2.dnn.readNetFromONNX(model_path)

2.2 图片数据预处理

数据预处理步骤包括resize，归一化，颜色通道转换，NCWH维度转换等。

resize之前，有一个非常常用的trick来处理非方形的图片，即计算图形的最长边，以此最长边为基础，创建一个正方形，并将原图形放置到左上角，剩余部分用黑色填充，这样做的好处是，不会改变原图形的长宽比，同时也不会改变原图形的内容。

 # image preprocessing, the trick is to make the frame to be a square but not twist the image
row, col, _ = frame.shape  # get the row and column of the origin frame array
_max = max(row, col)  # get the max value of row and column
input_image = np.zeros((_max, _max, 3), dtype=np.uint8)  # create a new array with the max value
input_image[:row, :col, :] = frame  # paste the original frame  to make the input_image to be a square

完成图片的填充后,继续执行resize，归一化，颜色通道转换等操作。

blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(image, scalefactor=1 / 255.0, size=(640,640), swapRB=True, crop=False)

• image: 输入图片数据,numpy.ndarray格式,shape为(H,W,C),Channel顺序为BGR。
• scalefactor: 图片数据归一化系数，一般为1/255.0。
• size: 图片resize尺寸，以模型的输入要求为准，这里是(640,640)。
• swapRB: 是否交换颜色通道，即转换BGR为RGB True表示交换，False表示不交换，由于opencv读取图片数据的颜色通道顺序为BGR，而YOLOv5模型的输入要求为RGB，所以这里需要交换颜色通道。
• crop: 是否裁剪图片，False表示不裁剪。

blobFromImage函数返回四维Mat对象(NCHW dimensions order),数据的shape为(1,3,640,640)

2.3 模型推理

1. 设置推理Backend和Target

   model.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_OPENCV)
   model.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CPU)
   

   模型加载完成后，需要设置推理时的设备，一般情况下，推理设备为CPU，设置方法如下：

   model.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_OPENCV)
   model.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CPU)
   

   当然，若此时环境中的opencv-python模块支持GPU推理，也可以设置为GPU推理，设置方法如下：

   model.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_CUDA)
   model.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CUDA)
   

   注: 判断opencv-python模块是否支持GPU推理的方法如下：cv2.cuda.getCudaEnabledDeviceCount(),返回值大于0表示支持GPU推理，否则表示不支持。

2. 设置模型输入数据

   model.setInput(blob)
   

   blob为上一步数据预处理得到的数据。

3. 调用模型前向传播forward方法

   outputs = model.forward()
   

   outputs为模型推理的输出，输出格式为(1,25200,5+nc),25200为模型输出的网格数量，5+nc为每个网格预测的5+nc个值，5为x,y,w,h,conf，nc为类别数量。

2.4 推理结果后处理

由于推理结果存在大量重叠的bbox，需要进行NMS处理，后续根据每个bbox的置信度和用户设定的置信度阈值进行过滤，最终得到最终的bbox，和对应的类别、置信度。

2.4.1 NMS

opencv-python模块提供了NMSBoxes方法，用于进行NMS处理。

cv2.dnn.NMSBoxes(bboxes, scores, score_threshold, nms_threshold, eta=None, top_k=None)

• bboxes: bbox列表，shape为(N,4)，N为bbox数量，4为bbox的x,y,w,h。
• scores: bbox对应的置信度列表，shape为(N,1)，N为bbox数量。
• score_threshold: 置信度阈值，小于该阈值的bbox将被过滤。
• nms_threshold: NMS阈值

NMSBoxes函数返回值为bbox索引列表，shape为(M,)，M为bbox数量.

2.4.2 score_threshold过滤

根据NMS处理后的bbox索引列表，过滤置信度小于score_threshold的bbox。

2.4.3 bbox坐标转换与还原

YOLOv5模型输出的bbox坐标为cxcywh格式，需要转换为xyxy格式，此外，由于之前对图片进行了resize操作，所以需要将bbox坐标还原到原始图片的尺寸。
转换方法如下：

# 获取原始图片的尺寸(填充后)
image_width, image_height, _ = input_image.shape
# 计算缩放比
x_factor = image_width / INPUT_WIDTH  #  640
y_factor = image_height / INPUT_HEIGHT #  640 # 将cxcywh坐标转换为xyxy坐标
x1 = int((x - w / 2) * x_factor)
y1 = int((y - h / 2) * y_factor)
w = int(w * x_factor)
h = int(h * y_factor)
x2 = x1 + w
y2 = y1 + h

x1,y1,x2,y2即为bbox的xyxy坐标。

3. 示例代码(可运行)

源代码一共有两份，其中一份是函数的拼接与调用，比较方便调试，另一份是封装成类，方便集成到其他项目中。

3.1 未封装

"""
running the onnx model inference with opencv dnn module"""
from typing import Listimport cv2
import numpy as np
import time
from pathlib import Pathdef build_model(model_path: str) -> cv2.dnn_Net:"""build the model with opencv dnn moduleArgs:model_path: the path of the model, the model should be in onnx formatReturns:the model object"""# check if the model file existsif not Path(model_path).exists():raise FileNotFoundError(f"model file {model_path} not found")model = cv2.dnn.readNetFromONNX(model_path)# check if the opencv-python in your environment supports cudacuda_available = cv2.cuda.getCudaEnabledDeviceCount() > 0if cuda_available:  # if cuda is available, use cudamodel.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_CUDA)model.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CUDA)else:  # if cuda is not available, use cpumodel.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_OPENCV)model.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CPU)return modeldef inference(image: np.ndarray, model: cv2.dnn_Net) -> np.ndarray:"""inference the model with the input imageArgs:image: the input image in numpy array format, the shape should be (height, width, channel),the color channels should be in GBR order, like the original opencv image formatmodel: the model objectReturns:the output data of the model, the shape should be (1, 25200, nc+5), nc is the number of classes"""# image preprocessing, include resize, normalization, channel swap like BGR to RGB, and convert to blob format# get a 4-dimensional Mat with NCHW dimensions order.blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(image, 1 / 255.0, (INPUT_WIDTH, INPUT_HEIGHT), swapRB=True, crop=False)# the alternative way to get the blob# rgb = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)# input_image = cv2.resize(src=rgb, dsize=(INPUT_WIDTH, INPUT_HEIGHT))# blob_img = np.float32(input_image) / 255.0# input_x = blob_img.transpose((2, 0, 1))# blob = np.expand_dims(input_x, 0)if cv2.cuda.getCudaEnabledDeviceCount() > 0:model.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_CUDA)model.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CUDA)else:model.setPreferableBackend(cv2.dnn.DNN_BACKEND_OPENCV)model.setPreferableTarget(cv2.dnn.DNN_TARGET_CPU)# set the input datamodel.setInput(blob)start = time.perf_counter()# inferenceouts = model.forward()end = time.perf_counter()print("inference time: ", end - start)# the shape of the output data is (1, 25200, nc+5), nc is the number of classesreturn outsdef xywh_to_xyxy(bbox_xywh, image_width, image_height):"""Convert bounding box coordinates from (center_x, center_y, width, height) to (x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max) format.Parameters:bbox_xywh (list or tuple): Bounding box coordinates in (center_x, center_y, width, height) format.image_width (int): Width of the image.image_height (int): Height of the image.Returns:tuple: Bounding box coordinates in (x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max) format."""center_x, center_y, width, height = bbox_xywhx_min = max(0, int(center_x - width / 2))y_min = max(0, int(center_y - height / 2))x_max = min(image_width - 1, int(center_x + width / 2))y_max = min(image_height - 1, int(center_y + height / 2))return x_min, y_min, x_max, y_maxdef wrap_detection(input_image: np.ndarray,output_data: np.ndarray,labels: List[str],confidence_threshold: float = 0.6
) -> (List[int], List[float], List[List[int]]):# the shape of the output_data is (25200,5+nc),# the first 5 elements are [x, y, w, h, confidence], the rest are prediction scores of each classimage_width, image_height, _ = input_image.shapex_factor = image_width / INPUT_WIDTHy_factor = image_height / INPUT_HEIGHT# transform the output_data[:, 0:4] from (x, y, w, h) to (x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max)indices = cv2.dnn.NMSBoxes(output_data[:, 0:4].tolist(), output_data[:, 4].tolist(), 0.6, 0.4)raw_boxes = output_data[:, 0:4][indices]raw_confidences = output_data[:, 4][indices]raw_class_prediction_probabilities = output_data[:, 5:][indices]criteria = raw_confidences > confidence_thresholdraw_class_prediction_probabilities = raw_class_prediction_probabilities[criteria]raw_boxes = raw_boxes[criteria]raw_confidences = raw_confidences[criteria]bounding_boxes, confidences, class_ids = [], [], []for class_prediction_probability, box, confidence in zip(raw_class_prediction_probabilities, raw_boxes,raw_confidences):## find the least and most probable classes' indices and their probabilities# min_val, max_val, min_loc, mac_loc = cv2.minMaxLoc(class_prediction_probability)most_probable_class_index = np.argmax(class_prediction_probability)label = labels[most_probable_class_index]confidence = float(confidence)# bounding_boxes.append(box)# confidences.append(confidence)# class_ids.append(most_probable_class_index)x, y, w, h = boxleft = int((x - 0.5 * w) * x_factor)top = int((y - 0.5 * h) * y_factor)width = int(w * x_factor)height = int(h * y_factor)bounding_box = [left, top, width, height]bounding_boxes.append(bounding_box)confidences.append(confidence)class_ids.append(most_probable_class_index)return class_ids, confidences, bounding_boxescoco_class_names = ["person", "bicycle", "car", "motorcycle", "airplane", "bus", "train", "truck", "boat","traffic light", "fire hydrant", "stop sign", "parking meter", "bench", "bird", "cat","dog", "horse", "sheep", "cow", "elephant", "bear", "zebra", "giraffe", "backpack","umbrella", "handbag", "tie", "suitcase", "frisbee", "skis", "snowboard", "sports ball","kite", "baseball bat", "baseball glove", "skateboard", "surfboard", "tennis racket","bottle", "wine glass", "cup", "fork", "knife", "spoon", "bowl", "banana", "apple","sandwich", "orange", "broccoli", "carrot", "hot dog", "pizza", "donut", "cake", "chair","couch", "potted plant", "bed", "dining table", "toilet", "tv", "laptop", "mouse","remote", "keyboard", "cell phone", "microwave", "oven", "toaster", "sink","refrigerator", "book", "clock", "vase", "scissors", "teddy bear", "hair drier","toothbrush"]
# generate different colors for coco classes
colors = np.random.uniform(0, 255, size=(len(coco_class_names), 3))INPUT_WIDTH = 640
INPUT_HEIGHT = 640
CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD = 0.7
NMS_THRESHOLD = 0.45def video_detector(video_src):cap = cv2.VideoCapture(video_src)# 3. inference and show the result in a loopwhile cap.isOpened():success, frame = cap.read()start = time.perf_counter()if not success:break# image preprocessing, the trick is to make the frame to be a square but not twist the imagerow, col, _ = frame.shape  # get the row and column of the origin frame array_max = max(row, col)  # get the max value of row and columninput_image = np.zeros((_max, _max, 3), dtype=np.uint8)  # create a new array with the max valueinput_image[:row, :col, :] = frame  # paste the original frame  to make the input_image to be a square# inferenceoutput_data = inference(input_image, net)  # the shape of output_data is (1, 25200, 85)# 4. wrap the detection resultclass_ids, confidences, boxes = wrap_detection(input_image, output_data[0], coco_class_names)# 5. draw the detection result on the framefor (class_id, confidence, box) in zip(class_ids, confidences, boxes):color = colors[int(class_id) % len(colors)]label = coco_class_names[int(class_id)]xmin, ymin, width, height = boxcv2.rectangle(frame, (xmin, ymin), (xmin + width, ymin + height), color, 2)# cv2.rectangle(frame, box, color, 2)# cv2.rectangle(frame, [box[0], box[1], box[2], box[3]], color, thickness=2)# cv2.rectangle(frame, (box[0], box[1] - 20), (box[0] + 100, box[1]), color, -1)cv2.putText(frame, str(label), (box[0], box[1] - 5), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (0, 0, 0), 2)finish = time.perf_counter()FPS = round(1.0 / (finish - start), 2)cv2.putText(frame, str(FPS), (10, 50), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (0, 0, 0), 2)# 6. show the framecv2.imshow("frame", frame)# 7. press 'q' to exitif cv2.waitKey(1) == ord('q'):break# 8. release the capture and destroy all windowscap.release()cv2.destroyAllWindows()if __name__ == '__main__':# there are 4 steps to use opencv dnn module to inference onnx model exported by yolov5 and show the result# 1. load the modelmodel_path = Path("weights/yolov5s.onnx")net = build_model(str(model_path))# 2. load the video capture# video_source = 0video_source = 'rtsp://admin:aoto12345@192.168.8.204:554/h264/ch1/main/av_stream'video_detector(video_source)exit(0)

3.2 封装成类调用

from typing import Listimport onnx
from torchvision import transformsfrom torchvision.ops import nms,box_convert
import cv2
import time
import numpy as np
import onnxruntime as ort
import torchINPUT_WIDTH = 640
INPUT_HEIGHT = 640def wrap_detection(input_image: np.ndarray,output_data: np.ndarray,labels: List[str],confidence_threshold: float = 0.6
) -> (List[int], List[float], List[List[int]]):# the shape of the output_data is (25200,5+nc),# the first 5 elements are [x, y, w, h, confidence], the rest are prediction scores of each classimage_width, image_height, _ = input_image.shapex_factor = image_width / INPUT_WIDTHy_factor = image_height / INPUT_HEIGHT# transform the output_data[:, 0:4] from (x, y, w, h) to (x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max)# output_data[:, 0:4] = np.apply_along_axis(xywh_to_xyxy, 1, output_data[:, 0:4], image_width, image_height)nms_start = time.perf_counter()indices = cv2.dnn.NMSBoxes(output_data[:, 0:4].tolist(), output_data[:, 4].tolist(), 0.6, 0.4)nms_finish = time.perf_counter()print(f"nms time: {nms_finish - nms_start}")# print(indices)raw_boxes = output_data[:, 0:4][indices]raw_confidences = output_data[:, 4][indices]raw_class_prediction_probabilities = output_data[:, 5:][indices]criteria = raw_confidences > confidence_thresholdraw_class_prediction_probabilities = raw_class_prediction_probabilities[criteria]raw_boxes = raw_boxes[criteria]raw_confidences = raw_confidences[criteria]bounding_boxes, confidences, class_ids = [], [], []for class_prediction_probability, box, confidence in zip(raw_class_prediction_probabilities, raw_boxes,raw_confidences):## find the least and most probable classes' indices and their probabilities# min_val, max_val, min_loc, mac_loc = cv2.minMaxLoc(class_prediction_probability)most_probable_class_index = np.argmax(class_prediction_probability)label = labels[most_probable_class_index]confidence = float(confidence)# bounding_boxes.append(box)# confidences.append(confidence)# class_ids.append(most_probable_class_index)x, y, w, h = boxleft = int((x - 0.5 * w) * x_factor)top = int((y - 0.5 * h) * y_factor)width = int(w * x_factor)height = int(h * y_factor)bounding_box = [left, top, width, height]bounding_boxes.append(bounding_box)confidences.append(confidence)class_ids.append(most_probable_class_index)return class_ids, confidences, bounding_boxescoco_class_names = ["person", "bicycle", "car", "motorcycle", "airplane", "bus", "train", "truck", "boat","traffic light", "fire hydrant", "stop sign", "parking meter", "bench", "bird", "cat","dog", "horse", "sheep", "cow", "elephant", "bear", "zebra", "giraffe", "backpack","umbrella", "handbag", "tie", "suitcase", "frisbee", "skis", "snowboard", "sports ball","kite", "baseball bat", "baseball glove", "skateboard", "surfboard", "tennis racket","bottle", "wine glass", "cup", "fork", "knife", "spoon", "bowl", "banana", "apple","sandwich", "orange", "broccoli", "carrot", "hot dog", "pizza", "donut", "cake", "chair","couch", "potted plant", "bed", "dining table", "toilet", "tv", "laptop", "mouse","remote", "keyboard", "cell phone", "microwave", "oven", "toaster", "sink","refrigerator", "book", "clock", "vase", "scissors", "teddy bear", "hair drier","toothbrush"]colors = np.random.uniform(0, 255, size=(len(coco_class_names), 3))
if __name__ == '__main__':# Load the modelmodel_path = "weights/yolov5s.onnx"onnx_model = onnx.load(model_path)onnx.checker.check_model(onnx_model)session = ort.InferenceSession(model_path, providers=['CUDAExecutionProvider',"CPUExecutionProvider"])capture = cv2.VideoCapture(0)trans = transforms.Compose([transforms.Resize((640, 640)),transforms.ToTensor()])from PIL import Imagewhile capture.isOpened():success, frame = capture.read()start = time.perf_counter()if not success:breakrows, cols, channels = frame.shape# Preprocessingmax_size = max(rows, cols)input_image = np.zeros((max_size, max_size, 3), dtype=np.uint8)input_image[:rows, :cols, :] = frameinput_image = cv2.cvtColor(input_image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)inputs = trans(Image.fromarray(input_image))inputs = inputs.unsqueeze(0)print(inputs.shape)# inputs.to('cuda')ort_inputs = {session.get_inputs()[0].name: inputs.numpy()}ort_outs = session.run(None, ort_inputs)out_prob = ort_outs[0][0]print(out_prob.shape)scores = out_prob[:, 4] # Confidence scores are in the 5th column (0-indexed)class_ids = out_prob[:, 5:].argmax(axis=1)  # Class labels are from the 6th column onwardsbounding_boxes_xywh = out_prob[:, :4]  # Bounding boxes in cxcywh format# Filter out boxes based on confidence thresholdconfidence_threshold = 0.7mask = scores >= confidence_thresholdclass_ids = class_ids[mask]bounding_boxes_xywh = bounding_boxes_xywh[mask]scores = scores[mask]bounding_boxes_xywh = torch.tensor(bounding_boxes_xywh, dtype=torch.float32)# Convert bounding boxes from xywh to xyxy formatbounding_boxes_xyxy = box_convert(bounding_boxes_xywh, in_fmt='cxcywh', out_fmt='xyxy')# Perform Non-Maximum Suppression to filter candidate boxesscores = torch.tensor(scores, dtype=torch.float32)bounding_boxes_xyxy.to('cuda')scores.to('cuda')nms_start = time.perf_counter()keep_indices = nms(bounding_boxes_xyxy, scores, 0.4)nms_end = time.perf_counter()print(f"NMS took {nms_end - nms_start} seconds")class_ids = class_ids[keep_indices]confidences = scores[keep_indices]bounding_boxes = bounding_boxes_xyxy[keep_indices]# class_ids, confidences, bounding_boxes = wrap_detection(input_image, out_prob[0], coco_class_names, 0.6)# breakfor i in range(len(keep_indices)):try:class_id = class_ids[i]except IndexError as e:print(e)print(class_ids,i, len(keep_indices))breakconfidence = confidences[i]box = bounding_boxes[i]color = colors[int(class_id) % len(colors)]label = coco_class_names[int(class_id)]# cv2.rectangle(frame, box, color, 2)print(type(box), box[0], box[1], box[2], box[3], box)xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax = int(box[0]), int(box[1]), int(box[2]), int(box[3])cv2.rectangle(frame, (xmin, ymin), (xmax, ymax), color, 2)# cv2.rectangle(frame, box, color, 2)# cv2.rectangle(frame, [box[0], box[1], box[2], box[3]], color, thickness=2)cv2.rectangle(frame, (xmin, ymin - 20), (xmin + 100, ymin), color, -1)cv2.putText(frame, str(label), (xmin, ymin - 5), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (0, 0, 0), 2)finish = time.perf_counter()FPS = round(1.0 / (finish - start), 2)cv2.putText(frame, f"FPS: {str(FPS)}", (10, 50), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1, (0, 0, 0), 2)# 6. show the framecv2.imshow("frame", frame)# 7. press 'q' to exitif cv2.waitKey(1) == ord('q'):break# 8. release the capture and destroy all windowscapture.release()cv2.destroyAllWindows()exit(0)